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A term originally coined in the United States by organizations that promote the rights of Native women and women of color, reproductive justice is a concept that links reproductive rights with social justice. The reproductive justice movement arose in the late 1980s as an attempt by these organizations to expand the rhetoric of reproductive rights that focused primarily on choice within the abortion debate and was seen to restrict the dialogue to those groups of women they felt could make such a choice in the first place.〔Ross, Loretta. "Understanding Reproductive Justice: Transforming the Pro-Choice Movement." ''Off Our Backs'' 36.4 (2006): 14-19〕 In addition to advocating, as do traditional reproductive rights platforms, for the access of women to birth control, reproductive justice provides a framework that focuses additional attention on the social, political, and economic inequalities among different communities that contribute to infringements of reproductive justice. The paradigms that combine the empowerment of women with reproduction have since been categorized into three frameworks: reproductive health, reproductive rights, and reproductive justice. The reproductive health framework addresses inequalities in health services by advocating for the provision of services to historically under-served communities.〔''A New Vision for Advancing Our Movement for Reproductive Health, Reproductive Rights, and Reproductive Justice.'' Oakland: Asian Communities for Reproductive Justice, 2005〕 The reproductive rights framework emphasizes the protection of an individual woman's legal right to reproductive health services, focusing on increasing access to contraception and keeping abortion legal.〔 Finally, the reproductive justice framework utilizes an intersectional analysis of women's experiences and focuses on changing the structural inequalities that affect women's reproductive health and their ability to control their reproductive lives.〔 As such, Asian Communities for Reproductive Justice, recently renamed Forward Together, defines the concept as follows: “Reproductive Justice is the complete physical, mental, spiritual, political, economic, and social well-being of women and girls, and will be achieved when women and girls have the economic, social, and political power and resources to make healthy decisions about our bodies, sexuality, and reproduction for ourselves, our families, and our communities in all areas of our lives.” 〔 Reproductive justice has expanded the pro-choice movement from a focus on abortion issues that marginalizes poor women and women of color to encompass a much broader scope of women's reproductive rights. Reproductive justice attempts to move women's reproductive rights past a legal and political debate to incorporate the economic, social and health factors that impact women's reproductive choices and decision-making ability. The reproductive justice movement, in its efforts to illuminate these issues, challenges the right to privacy framework established by ''Roe v. Wade'' that was predicated on the notion of ''choice'' in reproductive decision-making, and in effect turns the focus of reproductive decision-making away from one centered on civil rights toward that of human rights. The human rights approach of reproductive justice advocates for the ability of women to make decisions about their own reproduction and emphasizes the ''right'' of reproductive decision-making as a benefit afforded to all women regardless of their circumstances as opposed to the civil rights framework of choice that is connected to the possession of resources that influences the choices one has. As Rickie Solinger notes in ''Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know,'' "the term ''rights'' often refers to the privileges or benefits a person is entitled to and can exercise without special resources," whereas the privacy framework established by ''Roe,'' and as interpreted by the Supreme Court in ''Maher v. Roe,'' holds that "the state is not obligated to provide the means for women to realize their constitutionally protected rights, but only to refrain from putting any 'obstacles' in their 'path.'" The reproductive justice movement seeks to secure women's reproductive rights by attempting to abolish the civil rights foundation of a right to privacy created by ''Roe'' and that has restricted some women from receiving reproductive services because they lack the resources for a foundation of reproductive rights as human rights. ==Origins in the United States== Roots of the reproductive justice framework can be traced to the abortion debate in the United States and the 1973 ''Roe v. Wade'' Supreme Court decision.〔Ross 2006, p. 14〕 Many new reproductive health organizations for women of color such as the National Black Women’s Health Project were created in the 1980s and 1990s and objected to the rhetoric employed by the mainstream reproductive rights movement to define these along the pro-choice and anti-abortion lines that figured in the abortion disputes.〔Ross 2006, p. 16〕 The new organizations felt that the term “choice” excluded minority women and “masked the ways that laws, policies and public officials punish or reward the reproductive activity of different groups of women differently."〔 Activists for the rights of women of color subsequently expanded their attentions from a focus on unfair sterilization practices and high rates of teen pregnancy among women of color to include the promotion of a more inclusive platform to advance the rights of all women. The concept of reproductive justice was articulated first in 1994 at a national pro-choice conference for the Black Women’s Caucus that was sponsored by the Illinois Pro-Choice Alliance in Chicago.〔Smith 2005, p.119〕 This caucus followed the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) that had taken place two months prior.〔UNDP 2006, p. 23〕 The ICPD produced the Cairo Programme of Action that identified reproductive health as a human right.〔UNFPA 1997〕 The Black Women’s Caucus sought to adapt to the United States' reproductive rights movement the human rights framework outlined by the ICPD and defined the term “reproductive justice” originally as “reproductive health integrated into social justice.” 〔Ross 2006, p. 18〕 In 1997, a cohort of groups that promote the rights of Native and women of color, some of which had been involved in organizing the Black Women’s Caucus,〔Smith 2005, p. 120〕 organized together to form the SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Health Collective.〔 SisterSong spearheaded the push for a new, comprehensive reproductive justice movement as a more inclusive alternative to the “divisive” argument for women’s rights that primarily emphasized access to contraception and the right to an abortion. The founders of SisterSong also felt that some of the pro-choice activists “seemed to be more interested in population restrictions than in women’s empowerment.” 〔Ross 2006, p. 17〕 As the collective became more organized, reproductive justice figured more prominently in the discussion of women’s rights and empowerment. The 2003 SisterSong National Women of Color Reproductive Health and Sexual Rights Conference popularized the term and identified the concept as “a unifying and popular framework” among the various organizations that attended the conference.〔 Since then, groups that promote women’s rights such as the National Organization for Women〔National Organization for Women 2012〕 and Planned Parenthood 〔Planned Parenthood in CT and RI, 2010〕 have increasingly used the language of reproductive justice for their own advocacy. The movement has become more mainstream as organizations such as the Law Students for Reproductive Justice that focus on the promotion of rights of all women have also become involved in this activism.〔Law Students for Reproductive Justice, lsrj.org〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reproductive justice」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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